More Details

1. Remote Controls:
Remote control ECUs can be used to control almost any part of your environment, from opening doors to turning on the appliance. They work by sending a signal to the appliance that has been set up to receive that signal. Interfaces or switches can be added to different appliances which allow them to be controlled by remotes. Setting up the appliance to receive the signal of the remote control is a fairly simple process, but you may need assistance from the supplier or a tradesperson to do so. Remote controls are powered by batteries that need to be replaced as necessary, although some remote controls are rechargeable.

Types of Remote Control ECUs:
* Universal remote controls can control multiple appliances from one remote with several buttons. There are various sizes of universal remotes; some have large buttons for easier use. Others are small and compact so that you can easily carry it with you.
* Single function remotes are simple devices that can operate a single operation of an appliance, for example, turn the TV on and off. They are very easy to use. There are many different options of single function remote controls available, and they often come with appliances when purchased.
* Learning remote controls are remotes that can be programmed to control several devices. These remotes can "learn" the controls of several different remote controls and the appliances they control.

Features of Remote Controls:
* Scanning - Some remote controls have the ability to scan through available options that can then be selected. This scanning feature allows for easy access to all remote control features.
* Mountable - Some remotes can be mounted to your wheelchair, the wall, or other surfaces to provide easier access.
* Voice input - Some remotes can recognise the user's voice and can learn commands for various appliances to be controlled. This provides accessibility for individuals who are not able to push the buttons of a typical remote control.
* Switch Control - Some remotes can be switch controlled, which means that they can be plugged into a switch to make them more accessible and easier to use.

a. Infrared Technology:
Remote controls typically use infrared technology to transmit signals. These signals use light to transmit the signal, which means that they require a direct line of sight between the remote control and the interface sensor that has been attached to the device or appliance that is being controlled. Remote controls also tend to have a limited operating angle, which means that consideration needs to be given to where you would like to use the remote in relation to where the appliance is located.

b. Radio Waves:
Sometimes remote controls use radio waves to transmit signals. Most often these remote controls use their own coding to transmit signals. Most often this is seen in universal remote controls. When radio waves are used, the signal can most often travel through walls or other items. They can also travel longer distances than infrared waves. Radio remote controls usually have two parts: the transmitter and the receiver. The transmitter is small and can be used in larger appliances. For example, when garage door remote controls are put into cars. The receiver part is connected to the device or appliance that is being controlled. Rarely, radio waves can be subject to interference from other items, such as cordless phones, baby monitors, and microwaves. Individuals need to consider how these remotes are going to be programmed.

2. Switches:
A switch is an electronic device that is used to control electronic or battery operated items. Switches use electrical circuits to perform electronic functions such as off/on, changing channels, and adjusting volume. The purpose of switches is to ease the use of electronic devices for those who may have motor control difficulties. Switches make electronic devices more accessible and as a result improve an individual's ability to independently use their electronic devices.

There are three main types of switches:
a. Mechanical switches
b. Proximity switches
c. Specialised switches, e.g. voice-activated, muscle twitch, sip and puff
Check the "Switching" Information Sheet for more info about the three types of switches: http://at-aust.org/assets/EC_Infosheet-Switches.pdf

Switch Interfaces: There must be an interface between the switch and the electronic device being controlled. Interfaces act as a link between the switch and the device; switches cannot be directly connected to the device. The type and complexity of interface necessary depends on the switch and the device being controlled. The type of interface generally depends on whether the device is battery or electrically operated and if it has WiFi, Bluetooth, USB, or lighting connection capabilities.

3. Sensors:
Sensor-based ECUs are devices intended to help consumers by using sensors to monitor physical and environmental conditions. These capabilities may include sensing motion, or physiological changes and respond by altering environmental contexts, like opening a door or sounding an alarm. Sensors generally work by installation or wearing a device. Sensor based ECUs are intended to help consumers who may experience difficulty in controlling their physical and/or environmental conditions, by allowing them to control systems within the home. Additionally, it may also be useful for carers or family members who may be alerted in case of emergencies and is also able to track and send information to carers.

The main categories of Sensors that can be used to facilitate independence are listed below:
a. Motion Sensors:
Motion sensors most commonly work by detecting heat changes in the environment or using infrared energy to scan an area and detect movement. The type of motion sensor responds in accordance with its purpose. For example, a light sensor will detect the consumer by a break in an infrared beam, and respond by the light turning on or off. Motion sensors can be typically used in any scenario whereby movement can be detected and responded to. These sensors will be useful for individuals who have limited mobility, may be vulnerable, or who may be unable to operate and manipulate everyday objects like remote controls or switches. Motion sensors are generally hard-wired in the home by a relevant tradesperson or can be installed by connecting a power point plug into a power point connection. Motion Sensors are either battery powered or wireless.

b. Wearable Sensors:
Wearable sensors involve the consumer physically wearing the sensor. These sensors are generally used to interpret responses of the body such as:
* Physiological changes: Wearable sensors can interpret heart rate and blood pressure. These are generally worn as wristbands. In the case of an emergency such as extreme increases in heart rate or Blood pressure, the ECU will alert the consumer and emergency services. This will help provide independence for consumers who require ongoing monitoring but wish to live independently.
* Falls detection: These sensors work by interpreting velocity change, displacement and acceleration. If a fall is detected, it can be modified to contact carers and family members, and emergency services if there is no response from the consumer. These sensors are also generally worn as wristbands. This ECU will help consumer groups such as the elderly who wish to remain independent, consumers who do not have constant access to carers or individuals at a high falls risk.

4. App-Controlled ECUs:
App-controlled ECUs are controlled using an application on your Smartphone or Tablet. Many appliances can be controlled using your personal device, with more options becoming available all the time. App controlled ECUs can be used to connect to a compatible device, through a WiFi connection to control many settings throughout the home. App-based ECUs can be used for consumers who may have trouble remembering, people who have mobility issues or anyone who may find it easier using a smartphone or tablet, rather than different control units for particular tasks, like turning on the TV or switching on/off a light. Additionally, App-based ECUs may be compatible with other ECUs such as sensors and inbuilt ECUs, as to enhance usability.

Some examples of what can be controlled by an app are:
* Central heating - you could control the heating remotely through your smartphone, so you can manually adjust the temperature while you are at work or outside of the home.
* Smart lighting - using your phone with an array of connected lights can help you turn on/ off/up/down the light in the living room when you are staying in bed. Furthermore, you can customise your daily routine to enable the light wake you up in the morning.
* Oven - through installing a certain oven and download the related app, progress notifications would be sent to your phone and remind you that how long you need to wait for the food.
* Coffee maker - with the WiFi, you could tap a button on your phone and get a notification when your coffee is ready when you are in bed.
* Entertainment control - you could turn on and off the tv or adjust the sound on the radio from your tablet or phone.
* Water supply - you could switch off the water supply in the event of a water leak.
* Doors and windows - with the WiFi, you could open windows and doors from your phone or tablet. This could make accessing your home easier for you or could allow you to let carers into your home from bed in the morning.
* Sensors - app-controlled ECUs can also connect to sensors. This would allow you to turn on and off motion sensors that would allow lights to turn on from your phone or tablet.
* Security system - with an app-controlled ECU, you could have a camera or other security system installed around your home, which would allow you to see who is at the door, right on your phone or tablet.

For app-controlled ECUs, a strong WiFi connection throughout the home is necessary. If there is a weak connection in some area of the home, then the app-controlled ECUs will not be reliable. The system will also need to be installed by a professional. A hub will need to be installed. This hub will act as the connection between all the appliances that you want to be able to control with your device, and your phone or tablet which will enable you to control and monitor these appliances.

5. Inbuilt ECUs:
Inbuilt control ECU, also known as Home Automation, are customised control and management systems for commercial buildings and homes. They are used to control electrical devices around the home that increase independence and accessibility in the home. Some of the available functions of an inbuilt ECU include control of lighting, curtain adjustment, entertainment equipment, air conditioner, and security functions. This list is not exhaustive. These systems are typically hardwired into the home and operated using some of the remote controls or computer systems mentioned above. Through sensors, timers and system programming, they will operate only as required by the user. The system can be operated from an extensive range of touch-screens and wall switches depending on the user's preference and needs. Given that inbuilt systems require hardwiring, it is important to note that inbuilt ECUs often require professional installation.

Controllers for inbuilt ECUs can be lightweight, portable controllers for electrical appliances that have a touch sensitive high definition screen. Inbuilt control ECU can be mounted on the wall, floor, table or mobility device. The functions of the system can be adjusted on the network without any changes to hard-wiring. Some inbuilt control ECUs have some functions that can be set up in advance. Users can manually choose functions or let them change automatically depending on pre-set parameters such as weather or time of day. For example, choosing "Evening mode" will turn on the lights and close the curtains, while choosing "Good night mode" will turn off all the appliances and lights but turn on the motion sensor that controls the nightlight. Inbuilt systems work well for people who can undergo minor to major alterations to their home, and anticipate their current physical mobility needs will warrant long-term assistance in the home.

Considerations

* What abilities does the user have and what would they like to be able to do, or do better, with an ECU?
* What area of the house are you planning on using your ECU?
* What appliances would you like to be able to control with your ECU? How will the ECU fit with these appliances?
* What if your power or WiFi goes down? Do you have a backup power source? * Can the ECU run without WiFi? Consider what arrangements need to be made in case of an emergency
* Is the app-based ECU you are considering compatible with your current phone or tablet?
* Who will you need to help you install the ECU you want? (consider the supplier, therapist, tradesperson, and possibly others) How much will the installation of your ECU cost?
* How much are you able to spend on an ECU? What funding options are available to you for acquiring the ECU you are considering?
* Is there a warranty on the ECU if it breaks or malfunctions?
* How permanent is the ECU option you are considering?
* Does the ECU need to be portable or fixed into place?
* How do you feel about having a camera in your home?
* Is the ECU you want able to be retrofitted? What will retrofitting the ECU require?
* Does the ECU you are considering require regular maintenance? Who will be able to complete required maintenance?
* Will the ECU have an impact on others who live in your home?
* How will the ECU affect the aesthetic of your home?
* What are the physical and cognitive demands of using the ECU?
* Will the ECU impact others within the homes?
* Are ECUs portable, or do they have to be installed? Important to consider if constantly moving houses
* Are there any privacy concerns?

Standards

Standards
Some assistive technology needs to meet Australian or other standards. Standards may relate to materials, manufacturing and installation. Products that meet Australian or international standards will have written certification. To find out if a product meets Australian Standards ask the supplier to show you the certificate. For more information about standards also see
http://at-aust.org/home/assistive_technology/standards.html

TGA
Many of the items on the Assistive Technology Australia website are categorised as a Medical Device. Medical devices that are approved for use in Australia have been entered into a national database called the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG), which is maintained by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). You can ask the supplier for the ARTG number for the device you wish to purchase and search the ARTG for the entry. To access information on the ARTG visit www.tga.gov.au

When buying a medical device it is advisable to only choose a medical device that is recommended by a healthcare professional and has been included on the ARTG.